Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni once said leaders who “overstayed” in power were the root of Africa’s problems, but 30 years later he is intent on a fifth term of office.
The 71-year old former rebel leader seized power in 1986, ending years of brutal and murderous rule under Idi Amin and Milton Obote. “Those who say, ‘let him go, let him go’, they need to know that this is not the right time,” Mr Museveni said at a recent campaign rally held ahead of the February 18 election that he is expected to win.
“This old man who has saved the country, how do you want him to go? How can I go out of a banana plantation I have planted that has started bearing fruits?”
Mr Museveni successfully changed the constitution in 2005, abolishing a two-term limit. Other African leaders have since followed suit, changing or redefining laws to stay in power, most recently Burundi’s Pierre Nkurunziza and Rwanda’s Paul Kagame. For now, Mr Museveni has no intention of handing power to anybody, dismissing criticism from Western donors over graft and moves to grant sweeping powers to regulate civil society groups and nongovernmental organisations.
He has also shrugged off criticism of a tough anti-homosexuality law, later overturned on a technicality.
As he vies to enter his fourth decade in power, Mr Museveni remains one of Africa’s most wily and tenacious rulers, alongside the likes of Angola’s Jose Eduardo dos Santos and Equatorial Guinea’s Teodoro Obiang (both in power since 1979), Zimbabwe’s Robert Mugabe (since 1980) and Cameroon’s Paul Biya (since 1982).
For the most part, Uganda has enjoyed peace during the Museveni era. A northern rebellion, fought by crazed mystic Joseph Kony and his Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), was pushed out of the country a decade ago and his firm hand has kept the lid on armed unrest and Islamic terrorism.
Mr Museveni studied in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, in the 1960s, when the university acted as a kind of revolutionary finishing school for anticolonialists.
His wife Janet is a devout Christian, MP and Cabinet minister, but it is their son Muhoozi Kainerugaba, head of the elite Special Forces Command, who many believe is being groomed for succession.
The economy has ticked over but has never taken off, partly due to the corruption permitted as part of a system of political patronage that keeps Mr Museveni in power. The promise of oil wealth from crude discovered beneath Lake Albert has yet to be realised. Mr Museveni has welded state and party and undermined political opposition so effectively that any serious challenge to either him or his National Resistance Movement (NRM) is impossible.
A proud former military man, much of his authority still rests on his sway over the army, which he uses to maintain control domestically and project power regionally.
During the Democratic Republic of Congo’s regional war between 1998-2003, Ugandan soldiers fought with their Rwandan allies and were charged by the International Court of Justice with looting Congo’s resources, killing and torturing civilians, using child soldiers and razing villages.
Uganda denies the charges and has so far refused the court’s 2005 order to pay $10bn in reparations.
More recently Ugandan troops were instrumental in preventing a rebel takeover of the South Sudan capital, Juba, and shoring up Salva Kiir’s government after civil war began in late 2013.
Uganda’s intervention in Somalia has been more warmly welcomed with its troops forming the backbone of an African Union mission that has battled the al-Qaeda-linked al-Shabab militants since 2007.
The Somalia intervention — unlike those in Congo and South Sudan — has won Mr Museveni favour with foreign donors, who in return give him a pass when it comes to domestic oppression and corruption.
“His actions may not always be approved, but he has made Uganda a serious player in the region,” said Magnus Taylor, from the International Crisis Group (ICG) think tank.
“While Uganda’s drift towards authoritarianism, coupled with the high-profile introduction of legislation to criminalise homosexuality and regulate the operational environment for nongovernmental organisations may not win approval from Western actors, Mr Museveni has embedded himself to the extent that the internationals accept his military contributions with one hand while wagging a censorious finger with the other,” Mr Taylor said.
Mr Museveni was born in Rwakitura in western Uganda to a cattle-herding family, with some opponents saying he is older than the 71 years he claims.
“If I lose election I shall leave power,” Mr Museveni said in a recent interview. “I have got my job at home, I am a cattle keeper.” Mr Museveni specialises in rambling speeches peppered with folksy parables and military references that play better among poor — and poorly-educated — rural folk than among the urban population, where the opposition finds its strongest support.
But Uganda remains a predominantly rural country, in both demography and economy, and Mr Museveni’s popularity there is still high.